Close-mid central rounded vowel
Close-mid central rounded vowel's theme is one that has captured the attention and interest of millions of people around the world. Whether due to its relevance today, its impact on society or its historical importance, Close-mid central rounded vowel is a topic that has generated debate, discussion and reflection in various spheres. From experts in the field to the general public, Close-mid central rounded vowel has sparked genuine interest and motivated people to further explore its implications, ramifications and possible solutions. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of Close-mid central rounded vowel and try to unravel its complexities, understand its relevance and analyze its impact on our contemporary world.
Spectrogram of ɵ
| Close-mid central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɵ | |||
| IPA Number | 323 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɵ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0275 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 8 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
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| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o. The value was specified only in 1993; until then, ⟨ɵ⟩ represented the mid central rounded vowel .
The character ɵ has been used in several Latin-derived alphabets such as the one for Yañalif but then denotes a sound that is different from that of the IPA. The character is homographic with Cyrillic Ө. The Unicode code point is U+019F Ɵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE.
This vowel occurs in Cantonese, Dutch, French, Russian and Swedish as well as in a number of English dialects as a realization of /ʊ/ (as in foot), /ɜː/ (as in nurse) or /oʊ/ (as in goat).
This sound rarely contrasts with the near-close front rounded vowel and so is sometimes transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩ (the symbol for the near-close front rounded vowel).
Close-mid central protruded vowel
The close-mid central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ɵ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ɵ̫⟩ for the close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ɵʷ⟩ or ⟨ɘʷ⟩ (a close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Because central rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some Western dialects | fuöra | 'outside' | Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ø] or [œ]. | |
| Azeri | Tabriz | göz گؤز | 'eye' | Typically transcribed as /œ/. | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 出/ceot7 | 'to go out' | See Cantonese phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard | hut | 'hut' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Cardiff | foot | 'foot' | More often unrounded [ɘ]; corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | |
| General South African | Younger, especially female speakers. Other speakers have a less front vowel [ʊ]. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʊ̟⟩ or ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See South African English phonology | ||||
| Modern Received Pronunciation | in more conservative varieties. See English phonology | ||||
| Hull | goat | 'goat' | Corresponds to /oʊ/ in other dialects. | ||
| New Zealand | bird | 'bird' | Corresponds to /ɜː(r)/ in other dialects. See New Zealand English phonology | ||
| French | je | 'I' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩ or ⟨ɵ⟩. Also described as mid [ɵ̞]. May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology | ||
| German | Swabian | wird | 'becomes' | Allophone of /i/ before /ʁ/. | |
| Upper Saxon | Wunder | 'wonder' | The example word is from the Chemnitz dialect. | ||
| Hiw | yöykön̄ | 'forget' | |||
| Irish | Munster | dúnadh | 'closing' | Allophone of /ə/ adjacent to broad consonants, when the vowel in the preceding syllable is either /uː/ or /ʊ/. See Irish phonology | |
| Kazakh | көз | 'eye' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩. | ||
| Limburgish | Most dialects | bluts | 'bump' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩. The example word is from the Weert dialect. | |
| Maastrichtian | beuk | 'books' | Sometimes realized as a narrow diphthong ; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. Front [øː] in other dialects. | ||
| Mongolian | өгөх/ögökh | 'to give' | |||
| Norwegian | Stavangersk | gull | 'gold' | Near-close [ʉ̞] in other dialects that have this vowel. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Urban East | søt | 'sweet' | Also described as front [ø̫ː]; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩. See Norwegian phonology | ||
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect | sjuts | 'marksman' | See Kerkrade dialect phonology | |
| Russian | тётя/tyotya | 'aunt' | Allophone of /o/ following a palatalized consonant. See Russian phonology | ||
| Tajik | Northern dialects | кӯҳ/kūh | 'mountain' | May be realized as mid [ɵ̞], merged with /u/ in the central and southern dialects. See Tajik phonology | |
| Toda | பர்/pȫr | 'name' | |||
| Uzbek | koʻz/кўз | 'eye' | Allophone of /o/, especially near velar consonants /k/ and /g/. May be realized as mid [ɵ̞]. See Uzbek phonology | ||
| West Frisian | Standard | put | 'well' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩. See West Frisian phonology | |
| Southwestern dialects | fuotten | 'feet' | Corresponds to in other dialects. See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Xumi | Lower | ľatsö | 'to filter tea' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. | |
| Upper | htö | 'way to do things' | Allophone of /o/ after alveolar consonants; may be realized as [o] or [ɤ] instead. | ||
Close-mid central compressed vowel
| Close-mid central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø̈ | |
| ɘ͡β̞ | |
| ɘᵝ | |
| ɵ͍ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel , which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɘ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous and labial compression) and ⟨ɘᵝ⟩ ( modified with labial compression).
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swedish | Central Standard | full | 'full' | More often described as mid [ɵ̞ᵝ]. See Swedish phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (1 September 2015). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana. 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
- ^ Mokari & Werner (2016).
- ^ van Heuven & Genet (2002).
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92–93)
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
- ^ a b Lass (2002), pp. 115–116.
- ^ Robinson, Jonnie (1 April 2007), "Received Pronunciation Phonology", Diverse voices: language, accent and dialect in the UK, The British Library, archived from the original on 25 December 2018, retrieved 26 October 2012
- ^ Williams & Kerswill (1999), pp. 143 and 146.
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007), pp. 98–99.
- ^ Lindsey, Geoff (15 January 2012). "english speech services | Le FOOT vowel". Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Lodge (2009), p. 84.
- ^ a b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 237.
- ^ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ^ François (2013), p. 207.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000).
- ^ a b c Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ a b c d Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 19.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16). The source describes this vowel as the same as the short u in Standard Dutch lucht, which is close-mid central (van Heuven & Genet (2002)).
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Ido (2014), pp. 91–92.
- ^ Sipma (1913), pp. 6, 8, 10.
- ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 11.
- ^ a b Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
- ^ Andersson (2002), p. 272.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
References
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- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26 (2): 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, S2CID 62226994
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- François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
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- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
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- Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2
- Sipma, Pieter (1913), Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press, retrieved 30 March 2017
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) , Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (in Dutch) (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) , Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 978-90-6171-886-4
- van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht. A summary of the presentation can be found here Archived 6 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
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