Close back unrounded vowel
Var1 is a concept that has captured the attention of many in recent years. With its influence on various aspects of modern life, var1 has generated debates, reflections and numerous investigations. In this article, we will explore different aspects related to var1, from its impact on society to its evolution over time. Additionally, we will discuss various perspectives and opinions on var1, in order to provide a more complete understanding of this topic. Without a doubt, var1 has become a topic of global interest that leaves no one indifferent.
Spectrogram of /ɯ/
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2015) |
| Close back unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɯ | |||
| IPA Number | 316 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɯ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+026F | ||
| X-SAMPA | M | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɯ⟩. Typographically, it is a turned letter ⟨m⟩.
The close back unrounded vowel can in many cases be considered the vocalic equivalent of the voiced velar approximant .
Features
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | eu | 'see' | Also described as closer to [ɨ]. | ||
| Arara | îput | 'my skin' | Frequent realisation of /ɨ/. | ||
| Arbëreshë | Arbëreshë | 'Arbëreshë' | /ə/ in standard Albanian. | ||
| Azerbaijani | bahalı | 'expensive' | Closer to an | ||
| Bashkir | ҡыҙ / qıď | 'girl' | |||
| Chinese | Mandarin | 刺 / cì | 'thorn' | ||
| Some Wu dialects | 父 / vu | 'father' | |||
| Xiang | 火 / xu | 'fire' | |||
| Chuvash | ыхра/ıxra | 'garlic' | |||
| Crimean Tatar | джаным/canım | 'please' | |||
| English | African-American | hook | 'hook' | Near-close; possible realization of /ʊ/. | |
| Tidewater | Near-close; may be rounded [ʊ] instead. | ||||
| Some California speakers | goose | 'goose' | Corresponds to [uː] in other dialects. | ||
| New Zealand | treacle | 'treacle' | Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid. Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology | ||
| Some Philadelphia speakers | plus | 'plus' | Used by some speakers; the exact height and backness is variable. It corresponds to [ʌ] in other accents. See English phonology | ||
| South African | pill | 'pill' | Near-close; possible allophone of /ɪ/ before the velarised allophone of /l/. See South African English phonology | ||
| Estonian | kõrv | 'ear' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid central [ɘ] or close-mid back [ɤ] instead, depending on the speaker. See Estonian phonology | ||
| Irish | Ulster | caol | 'narrow' | See Irish phonology | |
| Japanese | 空気 / kūki | 'air' | May be compressed [ɯᵝ]. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Katukina | 'oscar (fish)' | ||||
| Kazakh | қыс/qys | 'winter' | May be pronounced as [qəs] | ||
| Korean | 음식 飮食 / eumsik | 'food' | See Korean phonology | ||
| Kurdish | Kurmanji (Northern) | tirş | 'sour' | See Kurdish phonology. The "i" after "t" always uses this sound if the "t" is "tˤ". However, it can also appear at other places. | |
| Sorani (Central) | ترش / tirş | ||||
| Kyrgyz | кыз / qyz | 'girl' | See Kyrgyz phonology | ||
| Panará | 'to breathe' | ||||
| Portuguese | European | pegar | 'to grab' | Reduced vowel. Near-close. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | Some speakers | când | 'when' | Typically described as /ɨ/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | caol | 'thin' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | ||
| Sop | düm | 'tree' | See Sop language | ||
| Tamil | அழகு / aḻagu | 'beauty' | |||
| Thai | Standard | ขึ้น / khuen/khîn | 'to go up' | ||
| Turkish | sığ | 'shallow' | Described variously as close back , near-close near-back and close central [ɨ]. See Turkish phonology | ||
| Turkmen | ýaşyl | 'green' | |||
| Uyghur | تىلىم/tılım / tilim | 'my language' | In complementary distribution with /ɪ/. See Uyghur phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | tư | 'fourth' | See Vietnamese phonology | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Durie, Mark (1990). "Proto-Chamic and Acehnese Mid Vowels: Towards Proto-Aceh-Chamic" (PDF). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. LII, Part 1: 100–111. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00021297. S2CID 162224060. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010.
- ^ Asyik, Abdul Gani. "The Agreement System in Acehnese" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. XI: 1–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2012.
- ^ Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi (January 2003). "Acehnese Coda Condition: An Optimality-Theoretic Account" (PDF). Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities. 15 (1): 9–28.
- ^ a b Alves (2013), p. 269.
- ^ Ghaffarvand-Mokari & Werner 2016, p. 514.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 557.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 536.
- ^ Ladefoged (1999), pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b Warren, Paul. NZE Phonology (PDF) (Report). Victoria University of Wellington. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), p. 585.
- ^ a b Gordon (2004), p. 290.
- ^ a b Bowerman (2004), p. 936.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
- ^ Labrune (2012), p. 25.
- ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
- ^ dos Anjos (2012), p. 129.
- ^ Lee (1999), p. 122.
- ^ Vasconcelos (2013), p. 182.
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993), p. 24.
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
References
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- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- dos Anjos, Zoraide (2012). "Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 12 (1): 123–156. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486.
- Ghaffarvand-Mokari, Payam; Werner, Stefan (2016), "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019, S2CID 151826061
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Kılıç, Mehmet Akif; Öğüt, Fatih (2004). "A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel?" (PDF). Speech Communication. 43 (1–2): 143–154. doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001 – via Elsevier ScienceDirect.
- Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
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- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2018, retrieved 20 November 2015